Antibody-dependent enhancement ADE of viral entrance has been observed for several viruses. In such cases, antibodies mark one serotype of viruses and subneutralize another, causing to ADE of the second virus. A unique mechanism for the ADE is that a neutralizing antibody attaches to the S protein of coronaviruses like a viral receptor, triggers a conformational change of the spike, and mediates viral entry into IgG Fc receptor-conveying cells through canonical viral-receptor-dependent pathways [ 75 ].
However, due to the functional complexity of the RAAS and the lack of strong information on the activities of ACE2 expression in various tissues following the use of ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers, it is difficult to speculate on the relevance of those ACE modulators [ 76 , 77 ]. Three polyphenols epigallocatechin gallate, epicatechingallate and gallocatechingallate of green tea [ 80 ] and compounds from Curcuma longa L.
Famotidine, a class A G protein-coupled receptor antagonist used for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux, is reported to interact within the catalytic site of the three proteases associated with SARS-CoV2 replication [ 82 ]. Chloroquine inhibits quinone reductase 2, which is involved in the biosynthesis of sialic acids [ 83 ].
Azithromycin together with HCQ was reported considerably more efficient for virus elimination [ 86 ]. Some clinical assessments against viral RdRp inhibitors had been conducted. Favipiravir, a purine nucleic acid analogue and effective RdRp inhibitor, which is endorsed against influenza, is additionally being considered in different clinical trials [ 87 ].
Remdesivir, an analogue of adenosine with broad-spectrum antiviral agent has shown a high capacity to block infection and viral replication in vitro and in animals with attainable concentrations in human plasma against SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV.
Recently, the mixture of three drugs, lopinavir, oseltamivir and ritonavir has been proposed to mitigate the virulence to a good extent in COVID affected patients. Hence, these drugs are often explored further for drug repurposing against the successful inhibition of COVID [ 90 ]. Prevention of the cytokine storm may be one of the solution to save the patients with severe COVID pneumonia.
Limited pre-clinical data suggested that systemic mesenchymal stem cells MSCs administration could cure or significantly improved the functional outcomes in seven SARS-CoV2 patients without any adverse effect [ 92 ]. Anti-complement C5 therapy with eculizumab is reported to be a potential key player in treatment of severe cases of COVID [ 95 ].
Some studies reported that the use of corticosteroids might speed up improvement from COVID [ 96 ]. Therefore, use of corticosteroids or Janus kinase JAK blockers need to be reconsidered in cases with hyperinflammation [ 98 ]. One study indicated that Lianhuaqingwen, a conventional Chinese medicine formula significantly inhibited SARS-CoV-2 replication in Vero E6 cells and markedly reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines [ 99 ]. Early treatment with anti-oxidants such as N-acetyl cysteine during COVID can be a way to control the excessive inflammation and cell damage [ 40 ].
Various randomized controlled trials, pilot studies, case reports and in vitro and in vivo studies confirmed that Nigella sativa black cumin seeds that showed antiviral, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, bronchodilatory, antihistaminic, antitussive activities, could be considered as an adjuvant therapy along with repurposed conventional drugs for management of COVID patients [ ].
It further renders the importance of homocysteine-dependent trans-sulfuration pathway in COVID infection. Passive antibody administration through transfusion of immune i.
Though limited data suggested significant improvement [ , ], however, there are nuanced challenges, both regulatory and logistical, spanning donor eligibility, donor recruitment, collections and transfusion. Data from rigorously controlled clinical trials of convalescent plasma also are few [ ]. There is proof that fibrinolytic therapy in acute lung injury and ARDS progresss to survival [ 69 ]. Anticoagulant therapy chiefly with low molecular weight heparin seems to improve prognosis in severe COVID patients suffering from hypercoagulation status or with increased D-dimer [ ].
Considering the characteristic high mutation rates of RNA viruses, more mutations may emerge within the viral genome [ ]. Fortunately, coronaviruses likely have lower mutation rates in comparison to the other RNA viruses because of an intrinsic capacity for a few proof-reading activity due to to exoribonuclease. Lower mutation rates are partly balanced by high virus replication rate within hosts [ ]. Given the high infection rate of this virus between humans and its pandemics, it is essential to understand the structure and basis of its pathogenicity for the advancement to the special treatment or the prevention.
Due to the greater resemblance of the virus to its families, attempts have been made to expolore the medicines and vaccines for COVID Identification of the specific molecular details of the virus is helpful in achieving treatment goals. It is also important to monitor any changes in phenotype as the virus spreads.
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National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Indian J Clin Biochem. Published online Aug Subir Kumar Das. Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Subir Kumar Das, Email: ni. Corresponding author. Received Jun 2; Accepted Aug 4.
This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Abstract Since the beginning of this century, beta coronaviruses CoV have caused three zoonotic outbreaks. Introduction Coronaviruses CoVs is accountable for mixture of ailments in human and animals that include respiratory, enteric, renal, and neurological diseases [ 1 ].
Open in a separate window. Transmission Infection by droplets contaminating hands and surfaces are the foremost means of dispersal of the virus [ 29 ]. Factors Associated with Pathogenesis- age, Gender and Co-morbidities Studies have shown that SARS-CoV-2 causes worse outcomes and a higher mortality rate in older people more than 60 years of age and those with comorbidities such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, chronic respiratory disease, and chronic kidney disease [ 43 , 44 ].
Diagnosis Viral serological test is an efficient investigative means to determine the prevalence for SARS-CoV-2 infection among the population [ 53 ]. Preventive Measures Infection can spead only in the existence of contact. Challenges Considering the characteristic high mutation rates of RNA viruses, more mutations may emerge within the viral genome [ ]. Conclusion Given the high infection rate of this virus between humans and its pandemics, it is essential to understand the structure and basis of its pathogenicity for the advancement to the special treatment or the prevention.
Compliance with Ethical Standards Conflict of interest None. Footnotes Publisher's Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
References 1. Nat Commun. Subunit vaccines against emerging pathogenic human coronaviruses. Front Microbiol. COVID important therapy considerations and approaches in this hour of need. Mousavizadeh L, Ghasemi S. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. Computational inference of selection underlying the evolution of the novel coronavirus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2.
J Virol. Baruah V, Bose S. Immunoinformatics-aided identification of T cell and B cell epitopes in the surface glycoprotein of nCoV.
J Med Virol. Int Immunopharmacol. The spike glycoprotein of the new coronavirus nCoV contains a furin-like cleavage site absent in CoV of the same clade. Antivir Res. Ceraolo C, Giorgi FM. Genomic variance of the nCoV coronavirus. J Transl Med. Osong Public Health Res Perspect. Indian J Med Res. The new coronavirus epidemic: evidence for virus evolution. Genes Basel ; 11 7 :E Tiwari M, Mishra D. Investigating the genomic landscape of novel coronavirus nCoV to identify non-synonymous mutations for use in diagnosis and drug design.
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Emerg Microbes Infect. Rev Med Virol. Am J Emerg Med. Clinical and immunologic features in severe and moderate coronavirus disease Makna-makna tersebut seperti bentuk nasi tumpeng yang kerucut memiliki makna keagungan Tuhan. Sedangkan sayur-sayuran digambarkan sebagai alam tumbuhan.
Adapun lauk pauk seperti, ikan, daging sapi, kambing mengisyaratkan kondisi alam hewan. Selain itu ikan asin diartikan sebagai gotong royong, telur rebus digambarkan sebagai tekat yang bulat, sedangkan kehidupan manusia digambarkan langsung dengan nasi itu sendiri.
Pada warna nasinya, tumpeng memiliki makna yang juga berbeda. Jika nasi tumpeng berwarna putih, maka hal tersebut melambangkan kesucian. Sedangkan kuning memiliki arti kekayaan dan moral yang luhur. Seperti yang telah disebutkan sebelumnya setiap penyajian bahkan bentuk tumpeng memiliki makna dan sampai pada cara memotong tumpengnya pun menyimpan arti.
Memotong tumpeng harus dimulai dari puncaknya. Puncaknya haruslah dipotong oleh orang dihormati atau orang yang dituakan. Customers can choose from two types of rice: nasi uduk rice cooked in coconut milk and nasi kuning turmeric rice. Both are made with Thai fragrant rice. You can customise the shape and design of the tumpeng for a celebration at no extra charge, however if you want mini or individual servings of the rice dish, there will be a minimum order of 10 sets.
Other than nasi tumpeng, there are also plans to introduce monthly specials such as Indonesian-style soto ayam served with kentang garing crisp potato sticks , soto betawi beef simmered in coconut milk broth , sop buntut oxtail soup , and nasi liwet. Like nasi tumpeng, nasi liwet is also sold communal platter-style with other dishes. Basmati rice is cooked with ingredients like bay leaf, galangal, lemongrass, salted fish, and ikan bilis, and served with sides like sambal chilli petai gizzard and cumi cabe ijo salted squid with green chilli.
Juliana created this OTT nasi tumpeng for 8days. Consisting of a rice tower made up of four layers of nasi uduk and nasi kuning, surrounded by 10 side dishes, the platter was so heavy that it needed two people to carry it.
Our tumpeng came with ayam penyet, gado gado, sambal chilli egg, bakwan jagung corn fritter , satay babi surendeng skewered pork with spiced grated coconut , pork rendang as opposed to beef due to dietary restrictions , acar, sambal prawns, fried tempeh, and bergedil. There were also keropok and dessert kolak, a bubur cha cha-like dessert, which were packed separately. Our favourite dishes are the sambal prawns with long beans, satay babi surendeng, kolak, and fried tempeh fermented soybean.
Instead of chunky sticks, loose tempeh pieces are deep-fried till crispy then coated with a slightly spicy sweet glaze made with ingredients like palm sugar, lime leaves, chilli, and tamarind. We like the addition of roasted peanuts and fried white bait, which give it an extra crunch and umami kick. The tender satay babi surendeng is the star of the tumpeng. We were pleasantly surprised by how flavourful the pork satay was.
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